What might be the reasons for the differences and similarities in these objects?

https://allthatsinteresting.com/fascinating-history-footwear

https://www.northamptonmuseums.com/directory-record/158/

https://www.mrporter.com/en-us/journal/fashion/history-converse-chuck-taylor-all-star-sneaker-icon-1276662

https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/oxford-shoes-guide/